{"id":7373,"date":"2010-08-30T17:53:00","date_gmt":"2010-08-30T12:23:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/lex-warrier.in\/?p=456"},"modified":"2010-08-30T17:53:00","modified_gmt":"2010-08-30T12:23:00","slug":"human-rights-under-indian-constitution","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lex-warrier.in\/archives\/human-rights-under-indian-constitution.html","title":{"rendered":"Human Rights under Indian Constitution"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n
\n

Author: Swapan Deb Barma<\/strong><\/p>\n

Today human rights are central to the discourse of International Public Policy and Scholarship. And the mechanisms have evolved dramatically since the signing of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) on 10 December 1948. Human Rights do not exist in a vacuum, inevitably, they are formulated by individuals and state and they are implemented by states themselves. However, a number of national, regional and international bodies exercise responsibility for overseeing the monitoring of human rights and ensuring that states comply with obligation.<\/p>\n

The Constitution of India was drafted by the Constituent Assembly on 9th December, 1946 and after long discussions and debates by the foremost legal luminaries and thinkers of our country the draft Constitution was finally adopted on 26th November, 1949. The framers of the Indian Constitution were influenced by the concept of human rights and guaranteed most of human rights contained in the UDHR. The UDHR contains Civil and Political as well as Economic Social and Cultural rights. While Civil and Political rights has been incorporated in Part III of Indian Constitution i.e. Fundamental Rights, as Economic Social and Cultural rights have been incorporated in Part IV of the Constitution i.e. Directive Principles of States Policy. The inclusion of important provisions of UDHR in the Constitution of India has given them supremacy over all other statutory provisions.<\/p>\n

The table shows that many of Civil and Political rights enshrined in the UDHR also find mentioned in Part III of Indian Constitution as Fundamental Rights. However, these are certain rights which are contained in the UDHR but have not been expressly mentioned in the Constitution. These rights are;<\/p>\n

\u00b7 No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment (Article 5).
\n\u00b7 Everyone has the right to recognition everywhere as a person before the law (Article 6).
\n\u00b7 Everyone is entitled in full equality to a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal, in the determination of his rights and obligations and of any criminal charge against him (Article 10)
\n\u00b7 Everyone charged with a penal offence has the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law in a public trial at which he has had all the guarantees necessary for his defense [Article 11. (1)]\n\u00b7 No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence, or to attacks upon his honour and reputation. Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks (Article 12.)
\n\u00b7 Everyone has the right to leave any country, including his own, and to return to his country [Article 13. (2)]\n\u00b7 Everyone has the right to a nationality [Article 15. (1)]\n\u00b7 Men and women of full age, without any limitation due to race, nationality or religion, have the right to marry and to found a family. They are entitled to equal rights as to marriage, during marriage and at its dissolution [Article 16. (1)]\n

Everyone has the right to take part in the government of his country, directly or through freely chosen representatives [Article 21. (1)] Article 21 of the Indian Constitution is of widest amplitude and several unremunerated rights fall within it. These rights are:
\nRight to go abroad
\nRight to privacy
\nRight against Solitary Confinement
\nRight against Bar Fetters
\nRight to Legal Aid
\nRight of Speedy Trial
\nRight against Hand Cuffing
\nRight against delayed execution
\nRights against Custodial violence
\nRights against Public hearing
\nRights to Health Care or Doctor\u2019s assistance
\nRight to shelter
\nOther rights which have been held to emanate from Article 21 are the following:
\nRight to know
\nRight to Compensation
\nRight to Release or Rehabilitation of Bonded Labour
\nRights against Cruel and Unusual Punishment
\nRights of inmates of protective homes
\nThe Supreme Court started reading the some of the provisions in Part IV of the Indian Constitution i.e. Directive Principles of States Policy(DPSP) into the Fundamental Rights. The 42th Amendment Act 1976 had inserted Article 48A in Part IV of the constitution requiring the state to endeavour to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forest and wild life of the country. The Supreme Court interpreted the right to life in Article 21 to mean life free from environmental pollution.<\/p>\n

Civil and Political Rights<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n
<\/div>\n
SI No.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
<\/div>\n
Universal Declaration of Human Rights<\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
<\/div>\n
Indian constitution<\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
<\/div>\n
1<\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
<\/div>\n
Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person.(Art.3)<\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
<\/div>\n
Article 21<\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
<\/div>\n
2<\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
<\/div>\n
No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their forms. (Art.4)<\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
<\/div>\n
Article 23<\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
<\/div>\n
3<\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
<\/div>\n
Equality before Law and Non-discrimination (Art.7)<\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
<\/div>\n
Article 14 and 15<\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
<\/div>\n
4<\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
<\/div>\n
Right to effective remedy (Art.8)<\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
<\/div>\n
Article 32<\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
<\/div>\n
5<\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
<\/div>\n
Rights against arbitrary arrest, detention and right to habeas corpus (Art.9)<\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
<\/div>\n
Article 22<\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
<\/div>\n
6<\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
<\/div>\n
Rights ex-post facto law [Art.11(2)]<\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
<\/div>\n
Article 20(1)<\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
<\/div>\n
7<\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
<\/div>\n
Right to freedom of movement [Art.13(1)]<\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
<\/div>\n
Article 10(1)(d)<\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
<\/div>\n
8<\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
<\/div>\n
Right of own property and not be deprived of property (Art.17)<\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
<\/div>\n
Article 19 (1)(f) (but it was omitted by the Constitution) (42th Amendment)<\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
<\/div>\n
9<\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
<\/div>\n
Right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion (Art.18)<\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
<\/div>\n
Article 25(1)<\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
<\/div>\n
10<\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
<\/div>\n
Right to freedom of opinion and expression (Art. 19)<\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
<\/div>\n
Article 19(1)(a)<\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
<\/div>\n
11<\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
<\/div>\n
Right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association [Art.20(1)]<\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
<\/div>\n
Article 19(1)(b)<\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
<\/div>\n
12<\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
<\/div>\n
Right to equal access to public service [Art.21(1)]<\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
<\/div>\n
Article 16(1)<\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
<\/div>\n
13<\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
<\/div>\n
Right of social security (Art.22)<\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
<\/div>\n
Article 29(1)<\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
<\/div>\n
14<\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
<\/div>\n
Right of form and join Trade Unions (Art.23)<\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
<\/div>\n
Article 19(1)(c)<\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
<\/div>\n
\n

Economic, Social and Cultural Rights<\/strong><\/p>\n

The following table shows that most of the economic, social and cultural rights proclaimed in the UDHR have been incorporated in Part IV of the Indian Constitution. However, the Constitution of India is conspicuous by absence of express mention of certain rights proclaimed in the UDHR such as right to special care and assistance to mothers and children, whether born in or out of wedlock [Art.25 (2)]; Parents\u2019 right to choose the kind of education for their children [Art.26 (3)]; Right of everyone to freely participate in the cultural life of the community to enjoy art and to share in scientific advancement and its benefits. [Art.27(1)]; and right of every one to protection of the moral and material interests resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic production of which he is the author [Art.27(20]\n

In respect of the above rights absence of express mention does not mean that these rights have not been incorporated in the Indian Constitution. As a matter of fact, the above rights are either subsumed in the exiting right to any part thereof or have been expressed in a little different scope. For example Article 39(f) charges the state to direct its policy towards securing, \u201cthat Children are given opportunities and facility to develop in a healthy manner and in condition of freedom and dignity and that childhood and youth are protected against moral and material abandonment.\u201d Similarly, Article 42 makes \u201cprovision for just and humane conditions of work and maternity relief.\u201d Article 47 provides for the \u201cDuty of the State to raise the level of nutrition and standard of living and to improve public health.\u201d<\/p>\n

So far as human rights concerning economic, social and cultural aspects are concerned, the fact remains that Directive Principle of State Policy contained in Part IV of the Constitution are definitely much more exhaustive than the Universal Declaration. There are number of principles and rights contained in Part IV of the Constitution which do not find mention in the Universal Declaration.
\nSuch rights and principles are:
\nEqual justice and free legal aid (Article 39 A)
\nOrganization of village panchayat (Article 40)
\nParticipation of workers in management industries (Article 43-A)
\nUniform Civil Code (Article 44).
\nPromotion of education and economic interests of scheduled castes, scheduled tribes and other weaker sections (Article 46).
\nProtection and improvement and safeguarding of forests (Article 48 A) etc
\nEconomic, Social and Cultural Rights<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n
<\/div>\n
SI No.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
<\/div>\n
Universal Declaration of Human Rights<\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
<\/div>\n
Indian Constitution<\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
<\/div>\n
1<\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
<\/div>\n
Art. 23 (1) Right to work, to free choice of an employment, to just and favourable conditions of work etc,<\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
<\/div>\n
Article 41<\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
<\/div>\n
2<\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
<\/div>\n
Art. 23 (2) Right to equal pay for equal work conditions of work etc,<\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
<\/div>\n
Article 39(d)<\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
<\/div>\n
3<\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
<\/div>\n
Art. 23 (3) Right to just and favourable remuneration<\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
<\/div>\n
Article 43<\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
<\/div>\n
4<\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
<\/div>\n
Art. 24 (1) Right to rest to leisure<\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
<\/div>\n
Article 43<\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
<\/div>\n
5<\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
<\/div>\n
Art. 25 (1) Right of everyone and a standard of living adequate for his and his family<\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
<\/div>\n
Article 39 (a) and 47<\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
<\/div>\n
6<\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
<\/div>\n
Art. 26 (1) Right to education and free education in elementary and fundamental stages<\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
<\/div>\n
Article 41 and 45<\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
<\/div>\n
7<\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
<\/div>\n
Art. 28 Right to proper social order<\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
<\/div>\n
Article 38<\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
<\/div>\n
As the subject itself is so wide there is no appropriate conclusion as Human Right is concern. No doubt these rights has been incorporated in Indian Constitution, However, it is still a failure with events of human rights violation making headline in one form or the other. The violation of Human right may be in different form. We should be ashamed with rising issue of honour killing, corporal punishment, custodial death, fake encounter killing, etc. If we want to give the exact interpretation of term Unity in Diversity it is the responsibility of very Indian to respect rights of another individual irrespective of race, colour, sex, caste, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status. To erase human right violation may be impossible but it always possible to bring changes if we take individual responsibility on our own shoulder.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Author: Swapan Deb Barma Today human rights are central to the discourse of International Public Policy and Scholarship. And the mechanisms have evolved dramatically since the signing of the Universal…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[85,33,96,62],"tags":[1469],"class_list":["post-7373","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-constitutional-law","category-general-reading","category-human-rights","category-study-materials","tag-human-rights-and-indian-constitution","no-post-thumbnail","clearfix","entry"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"yoast_head":"\nIndian 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