{"id":5225,"date":"2014-08-12T08:07:08","date_gmt":"2014-08-12T02:37:08","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/lex-warrier.in\/?p=5225"},"modified":"2023-07-01T15:48:24","modified_gmt":"2023-07-01T15:48:24","slug":"fatwas-legal-standing-supreme-court","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lex-warrier.in\/archives\/fatwas-legal-standing-supreme-court.html","title":{"rendered":"Fatwas have no legal standing: Supreme Court"},"content":{"rendered":"

Dr. Ravishankar K. Mor, Asst. Prof., Dept. of law, Yeshwant Mahavidyalaya, Wardha<\/strong><\/p>\n

VISHWA LOCHAN MADAN Vs UNION OF INDIA & ORS.<\/a>\u00a0<\/strong>(W.P. (civil)No. 386\/2005) Date of Judgement 07.07.14<\/p>\n

OPPORTUNITY LOST<\/strong><\/p>\n

Petitioner alleges that all Fatwas\u00a0 have\u00a0 the\u00a0 support\u00a0 of\u00a0 All India Muslim Personal Law Board and it is striving for the establishment\u00a0 of parallel Muslim judicial system in\u00a0 India.\u00a0\u00a0 According\u00a0 to\u00a0 the\u00a0 petitioner, adjudication of disputes is essentially the\u00a0 function\u00a0 of\u00a0 sovereign\u00a0 State, which can never be abdicated or parted with. In order to highlight the severity of issue, petitioners presented the instances of a few fatawas which seems to be pertinently violative of rights conferred under part three of the constitution of India. Lets have a look upon then,<\/p>\n

A\u00a0 Fatwa\u00a0 given\u00a0 by\u00a0 Dar-ul-Uloom\u00a0 of Deoband in relation to Imrana\u2019s incident.\u00a0 Imrana, a\u00a0 28\u00a0 years\u00a0 old\u00a0 Muslim woman, mother of five children was allegedly\u00a0 raped\u00a0 by\u00a0 her\u00a0 father-in-law.<\/p>\n

The question arose about her marital status and those of her\u00a0 children\u00a0 born in the wedlock with\u00a0 rapist\u2019s\u00a0 son.\u00a0\u00a0 The\u00a0 Fatwa\u00a0 of\u00a0 Dar-ul-Uloom\u00a0 in\u00a0 this connection reads as follows:<\/p>\n

\u201cIf one raped his son\u2019s wife and it is proved\u00a0 through\u00a0 witnesses,\u00a0 or the rapist himself confesses it, Haram Musaharat will be proved.\u00a0\u00a0 It\u00a0 means that the wife of the son will become unlawful forever to him i.e.\u00a0 the\u00a0 son. The woman with whom father has copulated legally or had\u00a0 sexual\u00a0 intercourse illegally in both ways, the son can\u2019t keep physical relationship\u00a0 with\u00a0 her.<\/p>\n

The Holy Quran says:<\/p>\n

\u201cMarry not the woman whom your father copulated\u201d<\/p>\n

The\u00a0 Fatwa\u00a0 has\u00a0 dissolved\u00a0 the\u00a0 marriage\u00a0 and\u00a0 passed\u00a0 a\u00a0 decree\u00a0 for perpetual injunction restraining\u00a0 the\u00a0 husband\u00a0 and\u00a0 wife\u00a0 living\u00a0 together, though none of them ever approached the Dar-ul-Uloom.<\/p>\n

Another Fatwa of which our attention is drawn\u00a0 rules\u00a0 that\u00a0 no police report can be filed against the father-in-law of Asoobi, who\u00a0 had\u00a0 allegedly raped her.\u00a0 According to the Fatwa, father-in-law\u00a0 could\u00a0 have\u00a0 been\u00a0 blamed only if there had either been a witness to the case or the victim\u2019s\u00a0 husband had endorsed\u00a0 Asoobi\u2019s\u00a0 allegation.\u00a0\u00a0 Yet\u00a0 another\u00a0 Fatwa,\u00a0 which\u00a0 has\u00a0 been brought to our notice is in connection with Jatsonara, a 19 year old\u00a0 Muslim woman, who was asked to accept the rapist father-in-law as her real\u00a0 husband and divorce her husband.<\/p>\n

In the aforesaid background, the petitioner has sought\u00a0 a\u00a0 declaration\u00a0 that the movement\/ activities being pursued by All\u00a0 India\u00a0 Muslim\u00a0\u00a0 Personal\u00a0 Law Board and other similar organizations for establishment of\u00a0 Muslim\u00a0 Judicial System and setting up of Dar-ul-Qazas (Muslim Courts) and Shariat\u00a0 Court\u00a0 in India are absolutely illegal, illegitimate\u00a0 and\u00a0 unconstitutional.\u00a0\u00a0 Further declaration sought for is\u00a0 that\u00a0 the\u00a0 judgments\u00a0 and\u00a0 fatwas\u00a0 pronounced\u00a0 by authorities have no place in the Indian Constitutional system, and the\u00a0 same are unenforceable being\u00a0 wholly\u00a0 non-est\u00a0 and\u00a0 void\u00a0 ab-initio.\u00a0\u00a0 Petitioner further seeks direction to the Union of India and the\u00a0 States\u00a0 concerned\u00a0 to forthwith take effective steps to disband and diffuse all\u00a0 Dar-ul-Qazas\u00a0 and the Shariat\u00a0 Courts\u00a0 and\u00a0 to\u00a0 ensure\u00a0 that\u00a0 the\u00a0 same\u00a0 do\u00a0 not\u00a0 function\u00a0 to adjudicate\u00a0 any\u00a0 matrimonial-disputes\u00a0 under\u00a0 the\u00a0\u00a0 Muslim\u00a0\u00a0 Personal\u00a0\u00a0 Law.<\/p>\n

Thus the contentions raised in the petition can be summarized as,<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Shariat courts and other bodies like Dar-ul-Qazas, Dar-ul-uloom creates parallel court system and are unconstitutional, and<\/li>\n
  2. Fatawas issued are in contravention of fundamental rights of the citizen under constitution of India.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Thus this was the opportunity for honourable Supreme Court to decide on the issue which time and again struck news paper headlines in India. Such news of strange fatwas issued by Shariat courts and somewhat similar orders by khap panchayats are not new in India.<\/p>\n

    The stand taken by Union of India was this<\/p>\n

      \n
    • Fatwas are advisory in\u00a0 nature and no Muslim is bound to\u00a0 follow\u00a0 those.<\/li>\n
    • Further,\u00a0 Dar-ul-Qazas\u00a0 does\u00a0 not administer criminal justice\u00a0 and\u00a0 it\u00a0 really\u00a0 functions\u00a0 as\u00a0 an\u00a0 arbitrator, mediator, negotiator or conciliator in matters pertaining to family\u00a0 dispute or any other dispute of civil nature between the Muslims.<\/li>\n
    • Dar-ul-Qaza can\u00a0 be\u00a0 perceived\u00a0 as\u00a0 an\u00a0 alternative\u00a0 dispute resolution mechanism, which strives to settle disputes\u00a0 outside\u00a0 the\u00a0 courts expeditiously in an amicable and inexpensive manner and, in\u00a0 fact,\u00a0 have\u00a0 no power or authority to enforce its orders and, hence, it cannot be termed\u00a0 as either in conflict with or parallel to\u00a0 the\u00a0 Indian\u00a0 Judicial\u00a0 System.<\/li>\n
    • According to the Union of India, few bad\u00a0 examples\u00a0 may not justify abolition\u00a0 of\u00a0 system,\u00a0 which\u00a0 otherwise\u00a0 is\u00a0 found\u00a0 useful\u00a0 and effective.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      The Union of India has not denied that Fatwas as alleged by the petitioner\u00a0 were not issued but its plea is that they were not issued by any of\u00a0 the\u00a0 Dar-ul- Qaza but by a Dar-ul-uloom.<\/p>\n

      Similar was the submission by other respondents, All India Muslim Personal law Board, Dar-ul-Uloom, Deoband, State of UP and State of Maharashtra.<\/p>\n

      They all raise the same plea that Fatawas are advisory in nature and lack any enforceability. Though Dar-ul-Uloom,\u00a0 Deoband\u00a0 admits\u00a0 issuing\u00a0 Fatwa\u00a0 in Imrana\u2019s case as per Fiqah-e-Hanafi, which is based\u00a0 on\u00a0 Quaran\u00a0 and\u00a0 Hadith but asserts that it has no agency or powers to enforce its\u00a0 Fatwas.\u00a0\u00a0 It\u00a0 is within the discretion of the persons or the parties\u00a0 who\u00a0 obtain\u00a0 Fatwas to abide by it or not.\u00a0 However, according to them,\u00a0 God\u00a0 fearing Muslims being answerable to the Almighty, obey the Fatwas, others\u00a0 may\u00a0 defy them. At no point of time respondents denied that fatawas as alleged are against the fundamental rights.<\/p>\n

      Court while dealing with the issue of Dar-Ul-Qazi courts examine the issue on the basis of source of its authority and as no legislation empower such courts held they do not constitute parallel court system.<\/p>\n

      This is quite interesting to note here that source of such courts were looked at the legislations, \u201cDar-ul-Qaza\u00a0 is\u00a0 neither\u00a0 created nor sanctioned by any law made by\u00a0 the\u00a0 competent\u00a0 legislature<\/em>. \u201d while such courts always claim authority under the religion and not statute, and court taking plea that there is no state enforceability to the decisions of such courts held they do not create parallel judicial administration, though it is apparent that they are dealing with the process of deciding rights and liabilities of the people and as such very much performing judicial function. So far as enforceability is concerned responded has accepted that god fearing Muslim will honour such fatwas. Was this not enough for the courts to declare such practice unconstitutional? Even a single instance of denying fundamental right of the individual must be dealt with highest constitutional authority; this is rather responsibility of the court to see no individual shall be allowed to waive his fundamental right. But court took lenient view and accepted the argument that such Muslim courts are like alternative dispute resolution mechanisms. This really call for further deliberation at highest level of judiciary through a constitutional bench.<\/p>\n

      On second issue, whether such fatawa are unconstitutional the court has not come out with clear opinion anyway rather has accepted the right of such bodies to issue fatwas in religious matters and held \u201cA Fatwa is an opinion, only an expert is expected to give.\u201d Rather than declaring any such fatwa illegal and unconstitutional court prefer to use the language \u201cwe\u00a0 observe that no Dar-ul-Qazas or for that matter, any\u00a0 body\u00a0 or\u00a0 institution\u00a0 by\u00a0 any name, shall give verdict or issue Fatwa touching\u00a0 upon\u00a0 the\u00a0 rights,\u00a0 status and obligation, of an individual unless such an\u00a0 individual\u00a0 has\u00a0 asked\u00a0 for it. In the case of incapacity of such an individual, any\u00a0 person\u00a0 interested in the welfare of such person may be permitted to\u00a0 represent\u00a0 the\u00a0 cause\u00a0 of concerned individual.\u201d<\/p>\n

      In the careful reading one can say court has recognised rights of such courts to issue fatwas even if they touch the constitutional rights of the individual, if asked by the concerned person. Does it mean that one can waive his fundamental rights? .<\/p>\n

      This case was a good opportunity for honourable court to warn the fundamentalist that in the era of constitution, religious fanatics has no place, no such attempt will be tolerated, but court rather than issuing warning merely declared such fatwas having no legal enforceability and has miserably failed to contained the instances which bring shame to this country. This is clearly a case of lost opportunity.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      Dr. Ravishankar K. Mor, Asst. Prof., Dept. of law, Yeshwant Mahavidyalaya, Wardha VISHWA LOCHAN MADAN Vs UNION OF INDIA & ORS.\u00a0(W.P. (civil)No. 386\/2005) Date of Judgement 07.07.14 OPPORTUNITY LOST Petitioner…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":5435,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[79,116,62],"tags":[261,266,1217,1748,2238],"class_list":["post-5225","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-case-comment","category-mohammedan-law","category-study-materials","tag-all-india-muslim-personal-law-board","tag-alternative-dispute-resolution","tag-fatwas","tag-judicial-system-in-india","tag-muslim","clearfix","entry"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"yoast_head":"\nFatwas 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